DNA Profiling

This forensic tool uses human DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) for the purposes of identification. It is considered extremely reliable because everyone¹s genetic material is unique. A further advantage is the small sample size needed to ascertain someone's DNA profile: A hair, a few drops of blood, or traces of semen are sufficient. The procedure was developed to help determine paternity. Its first use as a forensic tool was in 1986 in England, when a doctor was asked to verify a suspect's confession to two rape-murders. In that case, there was no DNA match between the subject and the evidence. A year later, Florida convicted a rapist by matching DNA from semen found at the crime scene to the suspect's blood sample.

In 1994, the DNA Identification Act, a section of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, provided federal funding to advance the use of DNA for law enforcement. Since then, DNA evidence is increasingly used, not just to exclude or justify suspicion, but to exonerate people who¹ve been wrongfully convicted. And the technology continues to evolve: Usable DNA samples have been collected from objects touched only for five seconds.

Nevertheless, diligence is warranted. Some have called for a widespread collection of citizens' DNA for the creation of databanks. Though such ideas have met staunch opposition, they illustrate the technology¹s invasive potential. How can people be sure their genetic profiles will be treated with proper confidentiality? This and other issues must be confronted as DNA profiling emerges from its infancy.