Hulks, Floating Hells: Prisons on the Water

Since the late 1400s, galley ships have gradually been replaced by sailing ships. Rather than destroy the old vessels, many of them are transformed into floating prisons. By the late 1700s, these ships, commonly known as "hulks," are heavily relied upon to ease the overcrowding in land-based facilities. They are often referred to as "floating hells," or "hell holds," since the conditions are just as horrible as in traditional prisons­if not worse. During the American Revolution, many prisoners of war are held on such ships anchored in New York Harbor. Dead bodies are simply thrown overboard. This "temporary" solution to the problem of overcrowding remains a significant part of correctional practices until 1858, and the last hulk won't be put out of commission until 1875.

Henry Fielding