The Pennsylvania System

The Pennsylvania prison system is one of two distinct, though similar, prison models that evolve during the era. Often referred to as the "segregate system," it is strongly influenced by Quaker ideals of repentance and reform. Absolute isolation and silence, as well as strict discipline, are essential to this process. New prisoners wear a hood while being led to their cells, so as not to be polluted by other inmates. They eat, sleep, and eventually work alone in their cells. Religious and moral instruction is an important feature; religious teachers are often the only visitors allowed, and every prisoner is given a Bible. The entrances into the cells are low — four feet, eight inches — so convicts must kneel upon entering, a further reminder of penitence.

These prisons are not tucked out of sight. Their architecture and internal design are supposed to contribute to the rehabilitative effect. They are grand, visible institutions, expressive of pride and optimism. Families come by and admire them on their Sunday strolls. At Western Penitentiary, built in 1826 in Pittsburgh, there are 190 cells, each about seven by nine feet. The cells are enlarged and natural light is introduced after 1829, when prisoners begin to be assigned work. Eastern Penitentiary is constructed in Philadelphia in 1829 in the same style. However, the segregate system will prove extremely expensive — and many inmates go crazy from so much isolation.

Auf Zum Gericht By Daniel Schumacher, 1769