"That kid was born bad." "He's got the face of a murderer." "She's just as hopeless as her father." "That whole family is a bunch of thugs."

The theory of biological determinism mostly just raises questions about how to prevent crime. Can people who are born criminals be considered responsible for their actions? What good will punishing them do if they can't control themselves?

Franz-Joseph Gall (1758-1828) founder of pseudo-science cranioscopy, which then became phrenology.

Suppose we could go into elementary schools and identify future criminals. Should we lock them up before they do anything? Just watch them closely? Not without substantially revising our ideas of what constitutes an individual's civil rights.